Tents and Marquees

Event Tents, such as wedding tents are for when you want to make a fabulous outdoor scene. They are generally structures installed at a location for a period of time.

Why A Tent?
Commercial Tents are used as protection from the sun, rain or a gathering place. They can make a stunning and creative atmosphere for any event.

Tent Rentals
Tents can be rented or leased for a day, a weekend, weeks, months, etc. For one or two day events, the Tents are usually installed a few days before the event, depending on scheduling and weather, and remain until a few days after the event. Many rentals are quoted for the entire week, allowing for time to set up and design the interior and exterior. Some Tents are built for exceedingly long-term events and have been installed and remain installed for years.

What Kind of Tent Should I Rent?
Tent rental companies come in all sizes - from small-sized companies with just a few Tents to exceedingly large-sized companies - carrying dozens of several sizes and styles of Tents. Some general rental companies rent from tent rental companies to accommodate their client’s needs.

You may know you want to use a standard Tent for your event, or your event planner may already have in mind to use a Tent. You have options! There are lots of other remarkable
structures and Tent styles out there. Some are unique and make a statement of their own. Ask the rental company you’re working with for a list of the type styles they have on hand.

Usually, the varying types of Tents available in most companies are (the names vary depending of the company):

Folding Tents Easy and fast to use and always in demand. Very popular, because usually is the less expensive tent. Fast, flexible, cost effective and long lasting.

They are used by:

• Corporate brands across most industries
• Government & Council buyers
• SME business marketers
• Franchisees
• Agricultural exhibitors
• Emergency services & community groups
• Folding Tents create brand exposure opportunities.
• You can reach your audience at the right time, in the right place with the right message.

Inflatable Tents An exciting and lively alternative Tent. Easy & fast to set up. Be sure they have removable printed roof because in that way you can share the investment with other licences.

What Size Tent Will I Need?

The size of Tent depends on a few factors:

1. The number of guests you expect
2. Layout or seating arrangements or the style of event:

* Reception with what type of tables?
* Speaker engagement with what type of seating?
* Will you need a dance floor?
* Will you need display areas for your products?

If you are interested in a Tent, you can expect to need about 2,000 - 2,500 square feet for 200-seated guests. That could mean a 40 x 60 size Tent (Always ask the Tent rental vendor directly and they’ll give you the best dataabout the size of Tent you’ll need).

Therefore, the key rule is; know what you are going to use your tent for. The choice of tents is astounding, almost on par with the choice of cars that you can buy.

So if you need a tent for the family BBQ, for example, your needs are fairly rudimentry
and your budget may be low. Look for cheap tents that offers a waterproof Polyester roof and a good warranty for under $600.

If you need a tent for a school or sports club you will need a diverse range of sizes, and colours. Most plain colour Tents s range between $995- $2900. If you are keen to promote yourself, you can have your names printed for around $150-$300. Printing logos usually be a little more expensive.

In the last 5 years, portable Tents have become important to businesses for their marketing. The essential need for these buyers is a prominent and premium reproduction of their logo. Sign written or printed Tents can be as boring as a website address or they can be a design extravaganza.

Remember, if it is for commercial purposes, the aim is to build awareness of your company with your printed Tent. Printed corporate Tents range in price from $1500- $4000. Good ones will really catch your eye.

Once you have decided on what sort of buyer you are and how you are going to use your Tents, a good Tents company will offer you a choice of frames, a warranty of between 3-5 years and help with designing the printing-if you need it.

For more information about tents, contact Extreme Marquees. We have a range of cheap tents, for all sorts of home and business applications.

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New Zealand’s Top Holiday Cities

New Zealand has a splendid array of astounding landscapes. Like enormous mountain ranges, endless coastlines, bountiful rainforests, deep fiords, snow capped mountains and steaming volcanoes. These panoramic wonders have all made New Zealand an inspired destination for all kinds of holidays.

Amazing travel packages and holiday specials are available on quality accommodation in modern city hotels and luxurious wilderness lodges at reduced prices. Among the top holiday destinations in New Zealand, Queenstown, Christchurch and Auckland would definitely be there. Travel Online is a prominent online specialist travel operator and provides fantastic tourist services for New Zealand. Travel Online provides an instant quote and booking service for accommodation in cities right across the country.

Queenstown
The international resort town of Queenstown is situated on the shoreline of Wakatipu Lake. This beautiful region is among the most scenic locations on the globe. Throughout the year adventurous and thrilling sports like jet boating, bungy jumping, and white water rafting take place. This town is the epicentre of the entire world’s bungy jumping activities too. With the advent of winter, the town gets transformed to an alpine wonderland with snowboarders and skiers from all corners of the world assembling at the annual Winter Festival.

There is constant request for Queenstown Accommodation all round the year and Travel Online offers a select group of hotels best suited for New Zealand holidays. 1, 2, 3 or 4 bedroom apartments, with luxurious facilities, gyms, spas and fantastic views are available at various holiday retreats across the city. Larger apartments with more bedrooms, tennis courts, private jetties and fitness centres are also available at a higher price. Luxury complexes with studio rooms in the vicinity of cafes, bars, and restaurants are also found in Travel Online’ Queenstown Accommodation selection.

Christchurch
When choosing a place to stay in Christchurch look for hotels that give views over the attractive Victoria Square, across the transfixing Avon River or towards the historic Anglican Cathedral. Situated on New Zealand’s South Island, this cosmopolitan city is always abuzz with great festivals, shopping spots, theaters and art galleries. Hotels overlooking Victoria Square provide visitors with an insight in to the city’s English history.

Individuals accommodated in the vicinity of the Christchurch Cathedral will find hotel rooms with a Manhattan-style feel. Tradition and elegance are everywhere in these hotels along with a keen eye on service excellence. Spacious bedrooms with full-fledged kitchen facilities are common, along with hi-tech conference facilities, resort-like leisure features like spas, saunas, gyms, and swimming pools. Many of these hotels provided by Travel Online are located in the vicinity of the Technology Park, the International Antarctic Centre, and the airport. Travelers who want to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the cosmopolitan life will find suitable accommodation in the splendidcountryside surrounding the city.

Auckland
Auckland, also known as the City of Sails, is located in between 2 harbors and has more boats per person than anywhere on the planet. Within minutes a person has the chance of sailing away on yachts to isolated nearby islands, living the high life in the casino, surfing at endless beaches or tasting the exotic wines at local vineyards. Hotels come in stylish and comfortable studios, and luxurious executive / marina suites. Travel Online caters to the tastes of corporate and business tourists and can beat any price seen on Auckland accommodation advertised. Auckland harbor is stunning, and is seen perfectly from atop Sky City and the surrounding accommodation.

Affordable and comfortable apartments are available for casual tourists, equipped with kitchens, laundries, and balconies to provide a memorable holidaying experience. Visitors to Auckland adore visiting the Antarctic Encounter, which showcases the only penguins present in the sub-Antarctic region. More encounters include cage-bereft shark dives, scuba expeditions and snorkel safaris. New Zealand is waiting.

Travel Online has a wide range of Queenstown accommodation close to all the snow action and cosmopolitan Christchurch accommodation surrounded by all that theatre and art. For holidays in and around the water, Auckland accommodation is as good as anywhere in the world.

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Repairing Flooded Carpet: A cheap job is a good job right? Wrong….

Don’t permit a novice 24 hour carpet cleaner show up to repair your carpets damaged by water. These are the signs you must be careful of:

Overcharging. An amateur water restoration technician may build the job up with unnecessary steps. E.g. using dehumidification for drying the flooded carpets isn’t always needed.

Correct equipment. They may borrow equipment from hire businesses for drying the carpet. This is permissible, but an established water damage restorer will possess all their equipment to enable a faster response and hopefully a better value job.

Proper moisture metre. If they don’t have the choice moisture meter, they cannot know whether the carpet is dry. This enhances the potential of mould growth in the future. Removal of this may be required in the future.

They are not Specialised. There are a lot of “Carpet Cleaners” in this industry who do water damage repairs on the “side.” i.e. they don’t deal with this type of work every day. Be wary of that. Fixing a carpet is an art. Reinstalling carpets on the gripper strips should be completed by a professional, otherwise they can be damaged irrepairably.

You might be asking, how do I locate a good Flood Restoration techinician? Below I have selected some signifiers to check for when you call around for a carpet flood damage business:

The size of their Yellow Pages advertisement: This can signify how much business they have already. A full-size Yellow Pages ad can cost around $50 000. If they have got a bigger ad, you can at least have some promise that they are professionals.

Where do they show in Google? The higher they rate in Google, the more click-ins there has been for this business.

What Qualifications do they have? The base qualification needed is a IICRC qualification for Applied Structural Drying and Water Damage Restoration.

Do Insurance companies use them for their own water damage jobs? This is a top indicator. If insurance companies source them, the business is bound to be efficient at their skill. Insurance companies often use the businesses that grant them the best value for their client’s money.

What kind of Equipment do they have? They should own at minimum 100 Air movers. If they own this many, this probably means that they have been going for a good while. Our business took 8 years to acquire that many wet carpet drying air movers.

What kind of commitment can you get from them by calling on the phone? Try to pin them down to a price for water extraction, water removal and initial inspection. If they won’t give you a fee for only this, you know they are not willing to assist you, so go with someone else.

Response Time – Our Water Damage Brisbane business operates to a 59 minute response time to a water damage emergency. The business needs to be completed ASAP. Mould can come during a 24 hour period.

If you follow these tips you are sure to come up with a Flood Damage Restoration business who knows how to do the job.

If you have carpet water damage Brisbane, call us for flooded wet carpet drying. Brisbane storm season is approaching and you may need storm damage carpet cleaning. Brisbane and surrounding areas serviced.

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Podiatry as a Career in Australia

As a practicing podiatrist in Brisbane, Australia, I am often asked by clients if podiatry would be a good career for a school leaver to contemplate . There are many things to recommend a career in podiatry including:

• You can be self employed: This is a choice that is increasingly being denied to other health care providers such as optometrists and even General Practitioners . Big Business controls a lot of health practices. Consider how often you see an independent optometrist these days – can they compete on price with the multinational chains?
• Legal Issues: In Australia (unlike the USA where things are very different), podiatrists very, very rarely face malpractice suits. The nature of podiatry practice does not lend itself to accidentally harming one’s patients. Also, you never have to give your customers the bad news that their condition will be terminal.
• Working Hours: Emergency call outs are very unlikely. This is good news for those among us who like their sleep uninterrupted.
• Financial Reward: Whilst it is true that podiatry doesn’t pay as well as being a dentist or medical practitioner, the remuneration is generally commensurate with other allied health providers.
• Instant Gratification: One of the most rewarding aspects of working as podiatrist is the instant gratification! People come in with pain and leave happy. You will experience a plethora of bite-sized jobs each day, many with a cure you can provide immediately. From someone that has worked with unanimously grumpy customers in a past career, believe me when I tell you, it makes the day much more rewarding when people leave you smiling.
• Philanthropy: Podiatry will afford you a lot of opportunity to help relieve the suffering of your fellow human beings.
• Self – Determination: Podiatryallows a professional the power to determine their own course of action for the benefit of their patients. This is unlike a career in nursing for example where one acts under the direction of a doctor.
• Clear Job roles: The only people who can hold themselves out to be a podiatrist are those with a podiatry qualification. The clear roles that this defines relieves the requirement to find your ‘niche’ after university - as someone with a more generic Bachelor of Science degree might need to do.
• Feel the need to travel? There are many places across the world that do not make their own podiatrists including Tasmania, the Northern Territory, all of Asia and all of the Middle East. If you want to travel the world, Australian podiatrists can work in any Commonwealth country and are particularly in demand in Singapore, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other far flung fields.
• Variety: In any given day, a podiatrist will see a big range of complaints. There may be an ingrown toenail or two, a debilitating corn, a sporting injury, some sacroiliac pain and at least a couple of painful arches . The key to being a good podiatrist is to be an effective problem solver. Each patient is an individual with a unique problem requiring a well considered solution.

How do you train as a podiatrist ?

To qualify as a podiatrist means six Australian Universities:

• Curtin University
• La Trobe University
• Charles Sturt University
• Queensland University of Technology
• University of South Australia
• University of Western Sydney.

Last year, the entry score for the QUT was OP 8.

Stephanie Cosgrove graduated as a podiatrist from QUT in 1990 and with a Master’s degree in Applied Science (Podiatry) in 1996. Since 1991, she has worked in private practice as a Podiatrist Brisbane. She received three university prizes during her studies, including the award for excellence in design and manufacture of orthotics. Brisbane has been the site of her private practice since 1991 which has grown to four locations and eleven staff. If you want to Walk Without Pain consider a visit to Brisbane’s most innovative podiatry practice today. Call for an appointment now on 1300 A1 Feet.

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Eight Steps to Great Web Design

Take control of getting your site created by a developer and comprehend the process it will save you money and gain you a site that actually works the intended purpose!

1. Comprehending your business and how you are currently established in your market.
In order to formulate a site that truly meets your requirements; you first need to have a full understanding of your business including your products, and/or services and more importantly their market position. You then have to acknowledge how you want to explain your business and what it offers in 7 seconds or less. Sounds impossible? Well that is the average time that a user will consider the point “is this site I searched for?”.

2. Budget and estimation
Have a budget in mind and don’t be afraid to let the developers know what it is. In saying this: BE REALISTIC, $500 will never see a great web site created, nor will they be anything left in the bank to market it.

3. The creative process
Be loaded with example sites and more importantly the elements of the site you like so they can achieve an understanding of what you would like to see on your site and also what you find frustrating about other sites. This will construct a good profile and analyze not only what type of site to actualize for you but your tolerance to colours, animations, layouts etc. for your requirements which will allow for efficient development. The more interaction and information you bestow them in the beginning the more time you will save everybody in the long run by becoming what you want 1st time round. Check with the designers on how many rounds of changes come with the contract, most will allow for a total conceptual redesign only once and 2 rounds of changes after that.

4. Production and Content
After the home page design is created, the developers will more than likely take the general layout of this concept and then create the inner page template. It is this template that will be replicated for most of your pages for your site.
Submit your content in a pre-proofed word processed document; don’t get too creative with the document fonts etc. as these will not be kept when the content is copied into the code of the site. It is suggested that you do use bolding, underlining, headings and sub heading though ,as these highlights are transferred into the site and are crucial later on in not only interacting with the reader but for Search Engine Optimisation.
One last tip for content; provide a decent amount of content but provide it in a way that a reader may attain a summary of what you are trying to present across in the 1st couple of paragraphs and an image or to. The rest of the paragraphs that get into finer details ARE FOR GOOGLE !

5. Development Programming and CMS
If your website contains Content Managed Areas (CMS) or has any other dynamic sections the developers will wrap your design around a content management program such as Joomla or Drupal or they may have a custom built system. Make sure that you get to see how the CMS system works on another site they have developed or an example site they may have. it is essential that you know that you can utilize and understand the system when your site is complete.

6. Testing and training
We work closely with the developers to test your site especially if there are any CMS or special programs that have been made for you. You can guarantee if it is has just been written for you then it will not work 100% first time round. This is a where things can get ugly in the process you must understand the way the program works and test it as if you were normal website user. If it doesn’t make sense to you, odds are it won’t make sense to your audience. Make sure you test your website on more than just your browser, try to test it on Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari. All of these browsers are on the internet for free!

7. Launch – going live
When the developers are ready to make your site live make sure you have completed the above testing step until you are certain that this website is the best representation of your business / product it can be. Remember even though you can change things after going live it is still a poor reflection on your business if there are spelling mistakes or broken images when you launch.

8. Marketing
There is little point in having a website if nobody visits it, make sure as part of you contract you have discussed search engine optimisation and or search engine marketing as part of your website build. This is the absolute most important factor of the whole process. If you are the only one looking at your site then you are in trouble.

Remember Search Engine Optimisation is about 30% Onsite (getting your site correct for Search Engine to index correctly) and 70% Promotion. Any developer who tells you otherwise hasn’t been in the industry too long.

For more information about web design Brisbane, contact Web Site Blue. Our web designers understand marketing as well as design.

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Tips to Creating a New Business Logo

A logo is a very important step to forming a business. It is the face of your business. And like your face conveys the tone of your business, indicates the service and reveals the professionalism or lack there of.

People spend a lot of money on the formation of their logo and walk away with no artwork files. Then a couple months down the track when they require to put signage on their new building they cannot track the design studio down that created the original logo for them and so incur costs to have it redone. This is needless and may cause difficulties when trying to replecate the logo exactly as created originally.

We have created some basic tips you for to think about when creating a logo. Hopefully these will help you from experiencing any future difficulties.

Tip 1
First things first - you need to decide if you would like your logo to have an accompanying icon. It is advised that if your service or product name is not in your business name then perhaps an icon will help in portraying a clear message across to your target audience.

An icon can add an extra element to your branding in that you could use the icon on its own on collateral where perhaps you are looking for a more illustrative finish without losing recognition.

A perfect example of this is the well-known and executed Nike logo.

Tip 2
Colour can be an essential decision as it not only could change the output costs but can also margin your output use. Consider the end result and what you will be bringing your branding onto in the future. Make sure your designer is aware of this as they should design accordingly.

Tip 3
Confirm you get a back up disk of your logo as a master file and confirm that it includes all the files needed for the different printing formats.

Creative software updates frequently and some programmes become obsolete. Assure you have a copy of your logo as a PDF - with the text converted to curves.

Tip 4
Using images in your logo is not very easy to arrange. For example it is troublesome to reverse into black and white. Images also have limitations when it comes to size - they can only be reproduced to a certain size before they start pixilation.

Tip 5
Using gradients in your logo is not recommended. This too can have limitations when it comes to output for ie: gradients are hard to reproduce when embroidering fabrics.

Tip 6
Ensure sure the font is legible. Some logos need to be reproduced on small pieces of collateral ie: post stamps. It is important that in this case the text is
readable

Tip 7
Insure that you accept a copy of your logo in CMYK high resolution 300 dpi (for printing use) and RGB 72 dpi(for web use).

Tip 8
It is important to have a style guide of your logo. It will clearly show you how to use your logo so it looks exactly the same every time it is reproduced. This allows you to keep your corporate image consistent.

Tip 9
Make sure that you get a letter from the design studio declaring that you own the copyright to your logo.

If you follow these tips then not only will you acquire a well-designed logo but you will also own the artwork. And when it comes to reproducing your collateral you will be doing it the most cost effective way.

For logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact graphic design Brisbane today for a free two hour consultation.

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How to Create a Style Guide

How many times have you mailed business cards to print and collected yet another version of your corporate colour? Ever been thrilled to see your advert in the latest newspaper and then spotted that the crucial tag line is missing or your logo has been wrecked.

There is only one way to avoid this from happening and that is to set up a style guide. Not only will a style guide aid you conduct the reproduction of your logo - it will also help you reinforce your brand recognition – which many argue is one of the strongest selling tools.

We have placed the below steps together for you as a starting point.

Step 1 : Define the audience for your Style Guide. Is this for staff to utilize in-house or is this for suppliers and contractors to refer to?

Step 2 : Mark what your output uses are. This is important because you will want different logos and file formats for example, black and white publication adverts in comparison to vehicle graphics.

Step 3 : Define the tone for the copy and content required. For example you may needcopy rules for printed content and then copy rules for website content.

Content rules cover all punctuation rules and how to refer to the business and team.

Step 4 : Confirm you layout all the design templates so it is clear how and where the logo and branding lies on all the different pieces of collateral that may be reprinted.

Step 5 : Insure to accommodate any contributing logos or logos of business that are linked with you. It’s also important that you issue a copy of the layout to these companies to insure they accept the layout of their logo as they too may have their own Style Guide and hierarchy layout rules.

Step 6 : Insure that grammar, spelling and contact details are correct.

Step 7 : Make certain that when suppliers are using the Style Guide they understand~know~discern~apprehend} that a proof needs to be dispatched~sent~mailed~commissioned}to you to be affirmed as correct.

Make your Style Guide completed and as tight as possible. Then have it saved in an email friendly file format and have a couple printed. Once this is done we strongly suggest a training session – whereby your design studio comes in and trains your staff on how to put to work the Style Guide and most importantly your brand.

For graphic design Brisbane, logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact Bydaughters today. We help your brand build business.

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Projectors: LCD Verses DLP (The downfall of DLP technology)

The common question customers ask when looking for a new projector for the home, office, or classroom is: would I take an LCD projector or a DLP projector? LCD, standing for ‘liquid crystal device’ and DLP, which stands for ‘digital light processing’ are the two commonplace projector imaging technologies. With so many company brands and models available, it can be difficult for consumers to make a decision between both technologies. The fact is that LCD projectors provide superior image quality and colour accuracy. The following article will explain why DLP projectors struggle with creating an equal rate of image quality.

Visualise a set of blinds in your household for your bedroom window. By a twist of a rod you can have the shutters open or closed, according to if you want to let light in or not. This is exactly how an LCD projector works. Each pixel operates like an individual shutter on a set of blinds to either send light through or to block it. DLP on the other hand is created of millions of microscopic mirrors or ‘pixel elements’ as the experts like to call them. Each pixel element operates to either reflect light or block it.

How the light source is processed from when the projector is turned on to when the image reaches your screen is ultimately significant for image quality, brightness and colour accuracy. LCD projectors shine white light from the lamp by separating it into red, blue and green components, by three mirrors which send the coloured light to 3 stand alone LCD panels. The 3 LCD panels make the elements of the image by switching each pixel on and off. The pixels are then projected in a glass prism to form the projector image. A point to know about LCD projectors is that all three colours are sent onto your projector screen all at once. The way a DLP projector functions is very different and even the way an image shows up is not the same. With DLP, white light from the lamp is processed through a spinning colour wheel with transparent red, blue and green segments, at speeds up to 11,000 rpm/s. This method of forming an image requires a sequence of red, blue and green light. The millions of micro mirrors described above reflect the coloured light on the pixels to construct the image elements. The elements of the image are projected in sequence on the screen, one colour at a time. The viewer’s eyes will then draw each coloured element of the image into the whole image. In LCD projectors, all colours are available all the time to offer top brightness and superb colour accuracy. In DLP, only one colour is available at any given time, and so causing lower colour brightness and accuracy. Some DLP developers have added a white segment into the colour wheel to improve general brightness, but this then damages colour accuracy.

I see in forums all the time that DLP has a higher contrast ratio and therefore must be better. For those who are unsure, the contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest white to that of the darkest black that the technology is able to produce. DLP projectors do provide high contrast specifications as compared to a majority of LCD projectors. At a glance, this seems to be an advantage, however, in real life, the true black level is determined by the ambient light in the room when the projector is being used. Do not be tricked by contrast specifications on websites and in brochures.

When the content you want to see has moving images, DLP projection technology can also have image errors, or ‘artifacts’. The most common artifact that a DLP projector forms with moving images is colour break up. Colour break up is to be expected in DLP systems because moving images change between the time red, blue and green colours are shone. LCD projectors do not have this characteristic because the colours are delivered at once. DLP manufacturers have formed 3DLP solutions using 3 chips to answer the colour break up artifacts, but the price tag of these projectors make them hardly practical for the majority of businesses and consumers.

Another differentiation between LCD and DLP is how they balance for the refractive qualities of light. Jump back to high school science, and remember how the various colours of light refract different amounts when passing through the same lens. The disadvantage with DLP projectors is that they have the one same panel and the same lens to project Red, Blue and Green. All 3 colours are obviously not the same and refract light differently. Most of the time with a DLP projector, some yellow colour will come through above and an extra blue will be projected below an image as simple as a single black line. While being built LCD projectors can be adapted to reduce these effects on the projected image, as each colour is refracted on a separate LCD panels.

The sole real buy point (excluding price) with buying a DLP projector is its smaller size and weight. However, this is only relevant for transport and must be traded off against the image benefits of LCD projectors. If the result of the picture quality is crucial to you, then the decision is easy. Go for an LCD projector! LCD projectors will consistently produce bright, colourful images with fewer image errors. If you need to find out more about LCD technology in more detail, have a look at this spectacular resource website: Explore 3LCD. If you have any additional questions, get onto Projector Central and send me an email.

Jonathan King is the sales and marketing manager with Projector Central, Australia’s premier online provider for projectors. Brisbane-based, Projector Central has serviced Australia for 15 years. For data projectors in the Gold Coast and Interactive Whiteboards, contact Projector Central today.

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Yachting and Yacht Clubs

As the Dutch found preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the initial yacht became a pleasure craft used mostly by royalty and later by the burghers on the canals as well as the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Racing yachts was incidental, coming out of private matches. English yachting began with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his restoration to the English monarchy in 1660, the city of Amsterdam presented him with a 20-metre (66-foot) pleasure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he then named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, sovereign 1685–88), built additional yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and the same way back, on a £100 wager. Yachting became classy with the wealthy and aristocracy, but after that period the habit did not last.

The first yacht club in the British Isles, the Water Club, was started at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard group, with much naval panoply and rigour. The closest thing to racing boats was the “chase,” for which the “fleet” pursued an imaginary enemy. The club went on, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, by conglomerating with other societies, it became the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).

Yacht racing was seen in some stipulated method on the Thames around the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland funded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV rose to monarchy in 1820, it was then named the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded with a racing fight, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht group had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal sponsorship made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continuing location of British yacht racing. The society at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the accession of George IV. All members were required to possess boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing races for great bets were held, and the club life was superlative. Ultimately Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to bigger than 350 tons.

In North America, yachting was first accomplished with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and persisted when the English had dominance. Sailing was mostly for pleasure and found its apogee in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which cruised on the Mediterranean Sea and set a benchmark of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in those waters from the late 19th century. The first enduring American yacht club, the Detroit Boat Club, was formed in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens instigated the New York Yacht Club while aboard his schooner Gimcrack.

Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts followed the design of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century until the latter half of the 19th century. The design of large yachts was first largely affected by the win of America, which was designed by George Steers for a association started by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) found its namesake after its win at Cowes in 1851. Early yachts were not designed and built in today’s sense, with merely a model being used. Not until the later half of the 19th century did what was called naval architecture come into being. Not until the 1920s did the use of the research of aerodynamics do for the craft of sails and rigging what science had earlier done for hulls.

Because almost all sailboats had to be individually built, there arose a desire for handicapping boats before the one-design class boats were built. Hence, a rating rule was created, which ended up in the International Rule, accepted in 1906 and edited in 1919. In the present day, one of the rapidly growing areas in the sailing industry is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are built to standard requirements in length, beam, sail area, and other aspects (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing those boats can be held on an even basis with no handicapping necessary. A prime example is the generic International America’s Cup Class taken on for yachts in the 1992 America’s Cup race.

As long as yachting belonged primarily for the aristocracy and the wealthy, expense was no issue, and the size of boats developed, in both length and weight. The rise and preference of smaller yachts happened in the later half of the 19th century from the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A voyage around the world (1895–98) led single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray demonstrated the value of smaller yachts. Later in the 20th century, notably after World War II, smaller racing and pleasure craft became more common, down to the dinghy, a favourite training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, yachts of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.

Kinds of power yachts
Post the decade 1840–50, during which steam began to emulate sail power in market craft, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were used increasingly in personal boats. Large power yachts were developed to a high element, and long-distance cruising turned into a fond activity of the wealthy. The earliest power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; these then gave rise to boats powered by the fully submerged screw or propeller kind of propulsion. As well as naval and merchant vessels, auxiliaries carrying both sail and power were the yacht fashion for many years. By the latter half of the 20th century, many yachts were still auxiliaries, but the large part were exclusively power yachts with gasoline or diesel engines.

During the last decade of the 19th century there was a boom in the design of bigger steam yachts. Notably among these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, with triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was manned by a crew of over 150. The Mayflower, purchased by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and gave active service for World War II.

As more sizeable and more reliable internal-combustion engines were created, many big yachts began using them for power. The creation of the diesel engine, with heavy oil for fuel, was furthered for World War I. During the decade following, big power-yacht creation flourished, reaching a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. During that time the best auxiliary yacht manufactured was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.

The building of larger power yachts lessened in 1932, and the style after that was in preference of smaller, less costly yachts. Following World War II, a lot of small naval boats were bought by private owners for conversion to yachts. By the late 20th century, yachting had become a globally beloved competition enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually owning and upkeeping their own small recreational yachts. The popularity of boats and owners increased steadily, not only in the traditional areas along the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.

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Proportional, Progressive, and Regressive taxes

Taxes can be distinguished by the effect they have on the distribution of income and wealth. A proportional tax is the kind of tax that imposes the same relative burden on each taxpayer—i.e., where tax liability and income increase in relative levels. A progressive tax is recognised by a higher than proportional growth in the tax liability in regard to the growth in income, and a regressive tax is characterizable by a less than proportional rise in the comparative liability. Thus, progressive taxes are viewed as fighting a lack of equality in income distribution, but regressive taxes are found to have the effect of an increase in these inequalities.

The taxes that are normally thought to be progressive include individual income taxes and estate taxes. Income taxes that are categorically progressive, however, might become less so within the upper-income class—in particular if a taxpayer is allowed to lower his tax base by nominating deductions or by taking some particular income parts from his taxable income. Proportional tax rates when applied to lower-income groups would also be more progressive if exemptions of a personal nature are declared.

Income measured over the period of a given year does not absolutely offer the most appropriate measure of taxpaying requirement. For example, transitory growth in income might be saved, and in temporary declines in income a taxpayer might opt to provide for consumption by reducing savings. Ergo, if taxation is made comparable along with “permanent income,” it can be less regressive (or more progressive) than when made comparable with annual income.

Sales taxes and excises (save those on luxuries) are usually regressive, because the portion of personal income consumed or spent on specific goods lessens as the amount of personal income rises. Poll taxes (aka head taxes), levied as a set amount per capita, obviously are regressive.

It is hard to determine corporate income taxes and taxes on business as progressive, regressive, or proportionate, principally due to the lack of certainty about the ability of businesses to shift their tax expenses (see below Shifting and incidence). This difficulty of deciding who bears the tax burden rests crucially on whether a national or a subnational (that is, provincial or state) tax is being considered.

In analysing the economic effect of taxation, it is important to distinguish between various concepts of tax rates. The statutory rates are those nominated in the legislation; often these are marginal rates, but occasionally they are mean rates. Marginal income tax rates denote the fraction of incremental income demanded by taxation when income grows by one dollar. Thus, if tax burden grows by 45 cents when income increases by one dollar, the marginal tax rate is 45 percent. Income tax legislature usually contain graduated marginal rates—i.e., rates that rise as income grows. Careful analysis of marginal tax rates need to review provisions as well as the formal statutory rate structure. If, for example, a particular tax credit (reduction in tax) lowers by 20 cents for each one-dollar rise in income, the marginal rate is 20 percentage points more than nominated in the statutory rates. Since marginal rates indicate how after-tax income is changed in response to changes in before-tax income, they are the appropriate ones for appraising incentive effects of taxation. It is even more difficult to understand the marginal effective tax rate applied to income from business and capital, as it may rely on considerations including the structure of depreciation allowances, the deductibility of interest, and the provisions for inflation adjustment. A basic economic theorem holds that the marginal effective tax rate in income from capital is zero under a consumption-based tax.

Average income tax rates show the fraction of total income that is paid in taxation. The pattern of average rates is the one that is important for judging the distributional equity of taxation. Under a progressive income tax the average income tax rate rises with income. Average income tax rates usually rise with income, both because personal allowances are provided for the taxpayer and dependents and also due to that marginal tax rates are graduated; on the other side of things, preferential treatment of income received fundamentally by high-income households may swamp these effects, producing regressivity, as indicated by average tax rates that fall as income rises.

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